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question skills

  • 1 ставить под сомнение мастерство

    1) Mass media: question skills
    2) Makarov: dispute skills

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ставить под сомнение мастерство

  • 2 habilidad

    f.
    1 skill (destreza).
    tener habilidad para algo to be good at something
    salió del compromiso con habilidad she cleverly extricated herself from the situation
    2 ability, aptitude, capacity, craft.
    * * *
    1 (aptitud) skill
    2 (astucia) cleverness, smartness
    3 DERECHO capacity, competence
    4 (gracia) talent
    \
    con gran habilidad very skilfully
    tener habilidad manual to be good with one's hands
    tener habilidad para algo to be good at something
    * * *
    noun f.
    ability, skill
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=capacidad) ability; (=destreza) skill

    tiene habilidad manual — he's good o clever with his hands

    con habilidad: le sacó el secreto con habilidad — he cleverly o skilfully got the secret out of him

    2) (Jur) competence
    * * *
    1)
    a) (para actividad manual, física) skill
    b) (astucia, inteligencia) skill, cleverness

    con habilidad — cleverly, skillfully

    2) (Der) competence
    * * *
    = ability, competence, skill, talent, capacity, savoir faire, aptitude, dexterity, ingeniousness, skilfulness [skillfulness, -USA], prowess, faculty.
    Ex. The ability to search on word stems is particularly valuable where the text to be searched is in free-language format.
    Ex. In order that you should be able to perform these required skills with greater competence, selected elements of the theory of subject indexing will be included.
    Ex. However, successful human free language indexing is very dependent upon the skills of the individual indexer.
    Ex. This example goes to show that talent for academic work is only one variety of giftedness.
    Ex. Older people have suffered some losses in sensory and physical capacity, and newer teaching techniques might intimidate them.
    Ex. Library staff should be provided with the opportunity to see blunders which they occasionally commit as well as the laudable ' savoir faire' with which they dispatch some reference question.
    Ex. In tracking, schools categorize according to measures of intelligence, achievement, or aptitude and then assign students to ability or interest-grouped classes = En la subdivisión de los alumnos en clases según su nivel académico, las escuelas agrupan a los alumnos de acuerdo con su nivel de inteligencia, habilidad o aptitud y luego los asignan a las clases según su capacidad o por sus intereses.
    Ex. Reference work is merely a practical skill -- of a high-grade kind, to be sure -- but a mere dexterity, a mental facility, acquired by practice.
    Ex. But if, in the digital era, libraries must continue to compete, it will be about services -- the ingeniousness with which individual libraries tailor resource access to particular needs of their user communities.
    Ex. At present, limited data concerning the conversational skilfulness of school-age children have been available.
    Ex. The results endorse the need for continued application of marketing prowess, information science research, and library support systems.
    Ex. Sophia no sooner saw Blifil than she turned pale, and almost lost the use of all her faculties.
    ----
    * con habilidad = adeptly.
    * con pocas habilidades = poor-ability.
    * habilidad artística = artistry.
    * habilidad cognitiva = cognitive skill, cognitive ability, cognitive capacity.
    * habilidad de interpretar imágenes = visual literacy.
    * habilidad de razonar = thinking skills.
    * habilidad en el manejo de diferentes soportes = media competency.
    * habilidades = competency.
    * habilidades comunicativas = speaking skills.
    * habilidades lectoras = reading skills.
    * habilidades necesarias para la vida cotidiana = life skills.
    * habilidades orales = speaking skills.
    * habilidad especial = knack, knack.
    * habilidad física = physical ability, physical ability.
    * habilidad lectora = reading ability.
    * habilidad manual = manual skill.
    * habilidad mental = mental ability.
    * habilidad natural = knack, knack, natural ability.
    * habilidad política = statesmanship, political wisdom.
    * habilidad verbal = verbal skill.
    * perfeccionar una habilidad = hone + skill.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (para actividad manual, física) skill
    b) (astucia, inteligencia) skill, cleverness

    con habilidad — cleverly, skillfully

    2) (Der) competence
    * * *
    = ability, competence, skill, talent, capacity, savoir faire, aptitude, dexterity, ingeniousness, skilfulness [skillfulness, -USA], prowess, faculty.

    Ex: The ability to search on word stems is particularly valuable where the text to be searched is in free-language format.

    Ex: In order that you should be able to perform these required skills with greater competence, selected elements of the theory of subject indexing will be included.
    Ex: However, successful human free language indexing is very dependent upon the skills of the individual indexer.
    Ex: This example goes to show that talent for academic work is only one variety of giftedness.
    Ex: Older people have suffered some losses in sensory and physical capacity, and newer teaching techniques might intimidate them.
    Ex: Library staff should be provided with the opportunity to see blunders which they occasionally commit as well as the laudable ' savoir faire' with which they dispatch some reference question.
    Ex: In tracking, schools categorize according to measures of intelligence, achievement, or aptitude and then assign students to ability or interest-grouped classes = En la subdivisión de los alumnos en clases según su nivel académico, las escuelas agrupan a los alumnos de acuerdo con su nivel de inteligencia, habilidad o aptitud y luego los asignan a las clases según su capacidad o por sus intereses.
    Ex: Reference work is merely a practical skill -- of a high-grade kind, to be sure -- but a mere dexterity, a mental facility, acquired by practice.
    Ex: But if, in the digital era, libraries must continue to compete, it will be about services -- the ingeniousness with which individual libraries tailor resource access to particular needs of their user communities.
    Ex: At present, limited data concerning the conversational skilfulness of school-age children have been available.
    Ex: The results endorse the need for continued application of marketing prowess, information science research, and library support systems.
    Ex: Sophia no sooner saw Blifil than she turned pale, and almost lost the use of all her faculties.
    * con habilidad = adeptly.
    * con pocas habilidades = poor-ability.
    * habilidad artística = artistry.
    * habilidad cognitiva = cognitive skill, cognitive ability, cognitive capacity.
    * habilidad de interpretar imágenes = visual literacy.
    * habilidad de razonar = thinking skills.
    * habilidad en el manejo de diferentes soportes = media competency.
    * habilidades = competency.
    * habilidades comunicativas = speaking skills.
    * habilidades lectoras = reading skills.
    * habilidades necesarias para la vida cotidiana = life skills.
    * habilidades orales = speaking skills.
    * habilidad especial = knack, knack.
    * habilidad física = physical ability, physical ability.
    * habilidad lectora = reading ability.
    * habilidad manual = manual skill.
    * habilidad mental = mental ability.
    * habilidad natural = knack, knack, natural ability.
    * habilidad política = statesmanship, political wisdom.
    * habilidad verbal = verbal skill.
    * perfeccionar una habilidad = hone + skill.

    * * *
    A
    1 (para una actividad manual, física) skill
    siempre ha tenido gran habilidad para la carpintería he's always been very good o adept at carpentry, he's always been a very skilled o adept carpenter
    tiene especial habilidad para la costura he has a real gift o flair for sewing
    2 (astucia, inteligencia) skill, cleverness
    tiene gran habilidad para convencer a sus oponentes she is very clever o good o skilled at convincing her opponents, she has a great gift for convincing her opponents
    la película está realizada con gran habilidad it is a very cleverly o skillfully made movie
    B (de un testigo) competence
    Compuesto:
    fpl ( Lab Rel) interpersonal skills
    * * *

     

    habilidad sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (para actividad manual, física) skill;


    b) (astucia, inteligencia) skill, cleverness;


    2 (Der) competence
    habilidad sustantivo femenino
    1 (con una herramienta, etc) skill: nos impresionó su habilidad al volante, we were impressed with his driving ability
    2 (astucia, ingenio) cleverness
    ' habilidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acierto
    - apañada
    - apañado
    - arte
    - cabeza
    - capaz
    - conquista
    - darse
    - defenderse
    - ejercitar
    - habilidosa
    - habilidoso
    - incapaz
    - mía
    - mío
    - oxidada
    - oxidado
    - torpeza
    - apabullante
    - competencia
    - inexperto
    - maestría
    - manual
    - maña
    - razón
    English:
    aptitude
    - born
    - capability
    - cleverness
    - confidence
    - craft
    - display
    - expertise
    - facility
    - fluent
    - green fingers
    - green thumb
    - inexpertly
    - innate
    - mental
    - moderate
    - proficiency
    - qualify
    - skill
    - touch
    - workmanship
    - accomplishment
    - dexterity
    * * *
    1. [destreza] skill;
    una de sus muchas habilidades es la música music is just one of his many skills;
    tener habilidad para algo to be good at sth
    2. [inteligencia] cleverness;
    salió del compromiso con habilidad she cleverly extricated herself from the situation
    3. Ling performance
    * * *
    f
    1 skill
    2 ( capacidad) ability
    3 ( astucia) cleverness
    * * *
    capacidad: ability, skill
    * * *
    habilidad n skill

    Spanish-English dictionary > habilidad

  • 3 necesario

    adj.
    necessary, essential, indispensable, needful.
    * * *
    1 necessary
    \
    hacerse necesario,-a (algo) to be required 2 (persona) to become vital, become essential
    si fuera necesario if need be, if necessary
    * * *
    (f. - necesaria)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [tras sustantivo] necessary
    2)

    hacer necesario: estos graves incidentes hicieron necesaria la intervención de la policía — these serious incidents made it necessary for the police to intervene, these serious incidents made police intervention necessary

    hacerse necesario: se hace necesaria una completa renovación antes de la próxima temporada — a complete overhaul is now necessary o required before next season

    3)

    • ser necesario — to be needed, be necessary

    haremos huelga si es necesario — if necessary we will go on strike, we will go on strike if need be

    si fuera necesario — if necessary, if need be, if it should be necessary

    de ser necesario — if necessary, if need be

    4)

    • es necesario hacer algo, es muy necesario tener una infraestructura sólida — it is essential o vital to have a solid infrastructure

    para ir a Francia no es necesario tener pasaporte — you don't need a passport o it is not necessary to have a passport to go to France

    • es necesario que + subjun —

    era necesario que continuara con el tratamiento — he needed to continue o it was necessary for him to continue with the treatment

    * * *
    - ria adjetivo ( imprescindible) necessary

    si es necesario se lo llevaré personalmente — if necessary o if need be, I'll take it to him myself

    no es necesario que te quedes — there's no need o it isn't necessary for you to stay

    * * *
    = necessary, requisite.
    Ex. Minor editorial changes have been made as necessary, and comments which were unintelligible from the tapes have been deleted.
    Ex. They expressed dissatisfaction with graduates they had employed who, whilst possessing the requisite technical skills, lacked judgement and flexibility in information.
    ----
    * creer necesario = feel + need for.
    * cuando sea necesario = when necessary.
    * dar los pasos necesarios = take + steps.
    * demostrar ser necesario = prove + necessary.
    * habilidades necesarias para la vida cotidiana = life skills.
    * hacer esfuerzo necesario = pull + Posesivo + (own) weight.
    * hacer necesario = render + necessary.
    * muy necesario = much needed [much-needed], long overdue.
    * no ser necesario = there + be + no question of.
    * resultar ser necesario = prove + necessary.
    * según sea necesario = as required.
    * ser muy necesario = be long overdue.
    * ser necesario = be needed, it + take.
    * siendo necesario = resulting in the need for.
    * sin ser necesario = gratuitous, gratuitously.
    * * *
    - ria adjetivo ( imprescindible) necessary

    si es necesario se lo llevaré personalmente — if necessary o if need be, I'll take it to him myself

    no es necesario que te quedes — there's no need o it isn't necessary for you to stay

    * * *
    = necessary, requisite.

    Ex: Minor editorial changes have been made as necessary, and comments which were unintelligible from the tapes have been deleted.

    Ex: They expressed dissatisfaction with graduates they had employed who, whilst possessing the requisite technical skills, lacked judgement and flexibility in information.
    * creer necesario = feel + need for.
    * cuando sea necesario = when necessary.
    * dar los pasos necesarios = take + steps.
    * demostrar ser necesario = prove + necessary.
    * habilidades necesarias para la vida cotidiana = life skills.
    * hacer esfuerzo necesario = pull + Posesivo + (own) weight.
    * hacer necesario = render + necessary.
    * muy necesario = much needed [much-needed], long overdue.
    * no ser necesario = there + be + no question of.
    * resultar ser necesario = prove + necessary.
    * según sea necesario = as required.
    * ser muy necesario = be long overdue.
    * ser necesario = be needed, it + take.
    * siendo necesario = resulting in the need for.
    * sin ser necesario = gratuitous, gratuitously.

    * * *
    1 (imprescindible) necessary
    no dispone del dinero necesario she doesn't have enough money, she doesn't have the necessary money
    me sentía necesario I felt needed
    la situación hizo necesario su regreso inmediato the situation necessitated o required o demanded his immediate return ( frml), the situation made it necessary for him to return immediately
    su apoyo me es muy necesario I really need her support, her support is vital to me
    si es necesario se lo llevaré personalmente if necessary o if need be, I'll take it to him myself
    no será necesario abrir todas las cajas it won't be necessary to open all the boxes, we/they won't need to o have to open all the boxes
    no es necesario que te quedes toda la noche there's no need o it isn't necessary for you to stay all night, you don't have to o you don't need to stay all night
    es necesario que cooperemos todos we must all cooperate
    no compres más de lo necesario don't buy more than you/we need, don't buy more than is necessary
    2 (inevitable) ‹consecuencia/efecto› inevitable
    * * *

     

    necesario
    ◊ - ria adjetivo ( imprescindible) necessary;

    haré lo que sea necesario I'll do whatever's necessary;
    si es necesario if necessary, if need be;
    no es necesario there's no need, it isn't necessary;
    me sentía necesario I felt needed
    necesario,-a adjetivo necessary: es necesario actuar, we must act
    es necesario que así suceda, it has to be this way
    no es necesario que grites, there is no need to shout
    si fuera necesario, if need be

    ' necesario' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abundar
    - como
    - estimar
    - facilitar
    - imponerse
    - martirizar
    - necesaria
    - precisa
    - preciso
    - consigo
    - creer
    - haber
    - menester
    - parecer
    - someter
    English:
    essential
    - making
    - necessary
    - needful
    - now
    - push
    - required
    - arise
    - far
    - pinch
    - require
    - requisite
    * * *
    necesario, -a adj
    1. [que hace falta] necessary;
    me llevé la ropa necesaria para una semana I took enough clothes for a week;
    me eres muy necesaria I really need you;
    es necesario hacerlo it needs to be done;
    es necesario descansar regularmente you need to rest regularly;
    hacer necesario algo to make sth necessary;
    no es necesario que lo hagas you don't need to do it;
    si es necesario if need be, if necessary
    2. [inevitable] inevitable;
    el desempleo es consecuencia necesaria de la desindustrialización unemployment is an inevitable consequence of deindustrialization
    * * *
    adj necessary
    * * *
    necesario, - ria adj
    1) : necessary
    2)
    si es necesario : if need be
    3)
    hacerse necesario : to be required
    * * *
    necesario adj necessary
    es necesario hacer algo to have to do something / must do something

    Spanish-English dictionary > necesario

  • 4 enfrentarse a un problema

    (v.) = challenge + threat, confront + question, cope with + problem, face + problem, confront + problem, come up against + problem, experience + problem, struggle with + issue, wrestle with + problem, deal with + issue
    Ex. This paper considers two areas in UK librarianship in which action might serve to challenge these threats.
    Ex. The National Archives confronted the difficult question of how burgeoning electronic records should be appraised.
    Ex. This article looks at one method, adopted by the Sheppard Memorial Library, Greenville, North Caroline, to cope with the problem of overdue books.
    Ex. They both face the problems presented in attempting to provide a system for the classification of all areas of knowledge.
    Ex. This article outlines some of the problems which confronted students attempting to master the skills of back-of-book indexing.
    Ex. All in all, research at the school has the same characteristics and comes up against the same problems as any other research conducted in the library and information sciences.
    Ex. While it is useful to know the areas in which problems might be experienced by a community, it is vital that each disadvantaged community be assessed individually.
    Ex. Libraries continue to struggle with issues created by the shift to electronic scholarly publishing.
    Ex. Libraries and other institutions currently have little or no guidance from their legislators as they wrestle with the problems related to Internet use.
    Ex. Libraries want to deal with issues on their own terms and not on the terms of their clients.
    * * *
    (v.) = challenge + threat, confront + question, cope with + problem, face + problem, confront + problem, come up against + problem, experience + problem, struggle with + issue, wrestle with + problem, deal with + issue

    Ex: This paper considers two areas in UK librarianship in which action might serve to challenge these threats.

    Ex: The National Archives confronted the difficult question of how burgeoning electronic records should be appraised.
    Ex: This article looks at one method, adopted by the Sheppard Memorial Library, Greenville, North Caroline, to cope with the problem of overdue books.
    Ex: They both face the problems presented in attempting to provide a system for the classification of all areas of knowledge.
    Ex: This article outlines some of the problems which confronted students attempting to master the skills of back-of-book indexing.
    Ex: All in all, research at the school has the same characteristics and comes up against the same problems as any other research conducted in the library and information sciences.
    Ex: While it is useful to know the areas in which problems might be experienced by a community, it is vital that each disadvantaged community be assessed individually.
    Ex: Libraries continue to struggle with issues created by the shift to electronic scholarly publishing.
    Ex: Libraries and other institutions currently have little or no guidance from their legislators as they wrestle with the problems related to Internet use.
    Ex: Libraries want to deal with issues on their own terms and not on the terms of their clients.

    Spanish-English dictionary > enfrentarse a un problema

  • 5 plantear un problema

    (v.) = pose + dilemma, pose + problem, raise + question, raise + concern, raise + issue, raise + problem, articulate + problem
    Ex. Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    Ex. Equally, Cutter's devotion to natural language posed problems with multi-word terms.
    Ex. Instead, one might raise the question: 'Why do we need all the works of an author together?'.
    Ex. Light use of library information resources raises the concern that students are developing an inadequate base of retrieval skills for finding information on new procedures, diseases and drugs.
    Ex. This chapter attempts to raise some of the issues that are common to any citation standard.
    Ex. Other problems raised by this example will be dealt with as you proceed with the course and refine the procedures of chain indexing.
    Ex. Hence too much emphasis cannot be given to the importance of isolating and articulating the main problem.
    * * *
    (v.) = pose + dilemma, pose + problem, raise + question, raise + concern, raise + issue, raise + problem, articulate + problem

    Ex: Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.

    Ex: Equally, Cutter's devotion to natural language posed problems with multi-word terms.
    Ex: Instead, one might raise the question: 'Why do we need all the works of an author together?'.
    Ex: Light use of library information resources raises the concern that students are developing an inadequate base of retrieval skills for finding information on new procedures, diseases and drugs.
    Ex: This chapter attempts to raise some of the issues that are common to any citation standard.
    Ex: Other problems raised by this example will be dealt with as you proceed with the course and refine the procedures of chain indexing.
    Ex: Hence too much emphasis cannot be given to the importance of isolating and articulating the main problem.

    Spanish-English dictionary > plantear un problema

  • 6 mano de obra

    labour
    * * *
    manpower, workforce
    * * *
    labor*
    * * *
    (n.) = labour [labor, -USA], manpower, manpower force, work-force [workforce], work-force, labour force, manual labour
    Ex. Encouraged by these developments, successive waves of cheap labor immigrated from Europe.
    Ex. The question has been raised as to the manpower required to produce the ever-increasing number of abstracts.
    Ex. This article focusses attention on formulating plans and policy for building up a manpower force for modernising library and information systems India within the next 5 years.
    Ex. Employers of library and information staff have to develop and maintain skills within the workforce.
    Ex. They were helpful in imparting the literacy and knowledge needed by modern technology without coercing the work-force away from its duty.
    Ex. The view that Chinese immigration was a threat to the American labour force spread throughout the United States in the late 19th century.
    Ex. The arguments are well known but we must realise that there was a very real fear that society would run short of manual labour = Los argumentos son bien conocidos pero debemos darnos cuenta de que había existía un miedo real de que la sociedad se quedase sin mano de obra.
    * * *
    labor*
    * * *
    (n.) = labour [labor, -USA], manpower, manpower force, work-force [workforce], work-force, labour force, manual labour

    Ex: Encouraged by these developments, successive waves of cheap labor immigrated from Europe.

    Ex: The question has been raised as to the manpower required to produce the ever-increasing number of abstracts.
    Ex: This article focusses attention on formulating plans and policy for building up a manpower force for modernising library and information systems India within the next 5 years.
    Ex: Employers of library and information staff have to develop and maintain skills within the workforce.
    Ex: They were helpful in imparting the literacy and knowledge needed by modern technology without coercing the work-force away from its duty.
    Ex: The view that Chinese immigration was a threat to the American labour force spread throughout the United States in the late 19th century.
    Ex: The arguments are well known but we must realise that there was a very real fear that society would run short of manual labour = Los argumentos son bien conocidos pero debemos darnos cuenta de que había existía un miedo real de que la sociedad se quedase sin mano de obra.

    * * *
    labor, Br
    labour, manpower

    Spanish-English dictionary > mano de obra

  • 7 poner a prueba

    to put to the test
    * * *
    (v.) = stretch, tax, try, strain, overtax, pilot, put to + the test, test, plumb + the depths of, trial, overstretch, push + the envelope, put + Nombre + to the test, try + Nombre + on, push + Nombre + to the edge
    Ex. Written in a telegram style, telegraphic abstracts stretch the skills of the abstractor in writing in an abbreviated yet unambiguous style.
    Ex. However, the definition of an 'author' has taxed cataloguers for many years.
    Ex. If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex. His small foreign-made car strained with the added burden of an interior packed to capacity with personal belongings and a heavily laden U-Haul trailor attached to the rear.
    Ex. Currently, they are trying to charge Internet providers more because Internet use is overtaxing the telephone networks.
    Ex. This will be piloted during 1996 by academic libraries, systems vendors, publishers and intermediaries.
    Ex. There are 2 important areas where the librarian's interpretation of his role are put to the test: his involvement with audiovisual materials, and his attitude towards teaching.
    Ex. Inmate library workers often test a new librarian, but once he or she has passed the test, they usually become very protective and staunch promoters of the library.
    Ex. The article has the title 'Mapping the unmappable: plumbing the depths of cross-file and cross-system navigation'.
    Ex. The concept was trialled in 1995 and subscribers to this service will be transferred with no additional charge.
    Ex. Reliance on court libraries is futile as the libraries are already overstretched by the needs of the Bench.
    Ex. This paper describes the contention existing between those who are pushing the envelope of free speech on the Internet, sometimes anarchically and those trying to limit it, sometimes oppressively.
    Ex. There's nothing flimsy about these leather boots, put them to the test this season - they'll pass with flying colours.
    Ex. The psychiatrist has been trying him on several different anti-depressants and group therapies, but none seems to be helping.
    Ex. But he was proved wrong as India pushed England to the edge and beat them hollow the following day.
    * * *
    (v.) = stretch, tax, try, strain, overtax, pilot, put to + the test, test, plumb + the depths of, trial, overstretch, push + the envelope, put + Nombre + to the test, try + Nombre + on, push + Nombre + to the edge

    Ex: Written in a telegram style, telegraphic abstracts stretch the skills of the abstractor in writing in an abbreviated yet unambiguous style.

    Ex: However, the definition of an 'author' has taxed cataloguers for many years.
    Ex: If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex: His small foreign-made car strained with the added burden of an interior packed to capacity with personal belongings and a heavily laden U-Haul trailor attached to the rear.
    Ex: Currently, they are trying to charge Internet providers more because Internet use is overtaxing the telephone networks.
    Ex: This will be piloted during 1996 by academic libraries, systems vendors, publishers and intermediaries.
    Ex: There are 2 important areas where the librarian's interpretation of his role are put to the test: his involvement with audiovisual materials, and his attitude towards teaching.
    Ex: Inmate library workers often test a new librarian, but once he or she has passed the test, they usually become very protective and staunch promoters of the library.
    Ex: The article has the title 'Mapping the unmappable: plumbing the depths of cross-file and cross-system navigation'.
    Ex: The concept was trialled in 1995 and subscribers to this service will be transferred with no additional charge.
    Ex: Reliance on court libraries is futile as the libraries are already overstretched by the needs of the Bench.
    Ex: This paper describes the contention existing between those who are pushing the envelope of free speech on the Internet, sometimes anarchically and those trying to limit it, sometimes oppressively.
    Ex: There's nothing flimsy about these leather boots, put them to the test this season - they'll pass with flying colours.
    Ex: The psychiatrist has been trying him on several different anti-depressants and group therapies, but none seems to be helping.
    Ex: But he was proved wrong as India pushed England to the edge and beat them hollow the following day.

    Spanish-English dictionary > poner a prueba

  • 8 profesor

    m.
    1 professor, teacher, schoolteacher, schoolmaster.
    2 professor, faculty member, faculty.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    \
    profesor,-ra particular private tutor
    * * *
    (f. - profesora)
    noun
    * * *
    profesor, -a
    SM / F
    1) (=enseñante) [gen] teacher; (=instructor) instructor

    profesor(a) de canto — singing teacher, singing tutor

    profesor(a) de esgrima — fencing master/mistress

    profesor(a) de esquí — ski instructor, skiing instructor

    2) (Escol) teacher

    profesor(a) de biología — biology teacher, biology master/mistress

    3) (Univ) (=titular) lecturer, professor (EEUU); (=catedrático) professor

    es profesor de griego — he is a lecturer in Greek, he lectures in Greek

    se reunieron los profesores — the staff met, the faculty met ( esp EEUU)

    profesor(a) adjunto/a — assistant lecturer, assistant professor (EEUU)

    profesor(a) agregado/a — assistant lecturer, assistant professor (EEUU)

    * * *
    - sora masculino, femenino ( de escuela secundaria) teacher, schoolteacher; ( de universidad) professor (AmE), lecturer (BrE)

    profesor de piano/guitarra — piano/guitar teacher

    * * *
    = educator, teacher, examiner, schoolteacher, academician, class teacher, teacher educator, faculty member.
    Ex. I believe very, very firmly that librarians are educators.
    Ex. For example a set of slides for use by teachers may be indexed according to alphabetical subject headings.
    Ex. There is an old joke that examiners in economics need never set the candidates new question papers because the answers change every year = Existe una vieja broma que dice que los profesores de económicas nunca necesitan ponerle a los alumnos nuevas preguntas de examen ya que las respuestas cambian cada año.
    Ex. Parents place great emphasis on the acquisition of reading skills, at times pressing so hard on their children that schoolteachers have to try to reduce that pressure = Los padres ponen un gran énfasis en la adquisición de la capacidad de leer, a veces presionando tanto a sus hijos que los profesores tienen que intentar reducir esta presión.
    Ex. BITNET and Internet are parts of a worldwide computer network for researchers, academicians, and information professionals.
    Ex. Her class teacher began it all by putting on an exhibition of about thirty of the best picture books in the school's infant-class library books for the five-to-seven-year- olds = Todo empezó con la exposición que montó su profesora de los treinta mejores cuentos de los libros de la biblioteca de la clase de primaria para los niños de cinco a siete años.
    Ex. The recommendations, legislation, and proposed changes that have resulted have created consternation, frustration, and optimism among teacher educators.
    Ex. LIBR (short for library) is used in English-speaking faculty members or employees who wish to access the library from their own terminals.
    ----
    * Consejo Nacional de Profesores de Inglés = National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE).
    * despacho de profesor = faculty office.
    * interinidad como profesor = faculty tenure.
    * plaza de profesor = professorship.
    * profesor académico = faculty member.
    * profesor asociado = assistant professor.
    * profesor ayudante = teaching assistant, teacher aide.
    * profesor-bibliotecario = teacher-librarian.
    * profesor de autoescuela = driving instructor.
    * profesor de biblioteconomía = library educator.
    * profesor de educación básica = school teacher.
    * profesor de universidad = university faculty, university lecturer.
    * profesor emérito = emeritus professor, professor emeritus.
    * profesor encargado de la biblioteca = teacher-librarian.
    * profesor en prácticas = in-service teacher.
    * profesores = faculty.
    * profesor invitado = fellow, visiting professor, visiting lecturer, visiting scholar, visiting fellow.
    * profesor titular = associate professor.
    * profesor titular interino = assistant professor, lecturer.
    * profesor universitario = professor, academic, college educator, university educator, university instructor.
    * reunión de profesores = faculty meeting.
    * sala de profesores = faculty common room.
    * * *
    - sora masculino, femenino ( de escuela secundaria) teacher, schoolteacher; ( de universidad) professor (AmE), lecturer (BrE)

    profesor de piano/guitarra — piano/guitar teacher

    * * *
    = educator, teacher, examiner, schoolteacher, academician, class teacher, teacher educator, faculty member.

    Ex: I believe very, very firmly that librarians are educators.

    Ex: For example a set of slides for use by teachers may be indexed according to alphabetical subject headings.
    Ex: There is an old joke that examiners in economics need never set the candidates new question papers because the answers change every year = Existe una vieja broma que dice que los profesores de económicas nunca necesitan ponerle a los alumnos nuevas preguntas de examen ya que las respuestas cambian cada año.
    Ex: Parents place great emphasis on the acquisition of reading skills, at times pressing so hard on their children that schoolteachers have to try to reduce that pressure = Los padres ponen un gran énfasis en la adquisición de la capacidad de leer, a veces presionando tanto a sus hijos que los profesores tienen que intentar reducir esta presión.
    Ex: BITNET and Internet are parts of a worldwide computer network for researchers, academicians, and information professionals.
    Ex: Her class teacher began it all by putting on an exhibition of about thirty of the best picture books in the school's infant-class library books for the five-to-seven-year- olds = Todo empezó con la exposición que montó su profesora de los treinta mejores cuentos de los libros de la biblioteca de la clase de primaria para los niños de cinco a siete años.
    Ex: The recommendations, legislation, and proposed changes that have resulted have created consternation, frustration, and optimism among teacher educators.
    Ex: LIBR (short for library) is used in English-speaking faculty members or employees who wish to access the library from their own terminals.
    * Consejo Nacional de Profesores de Inglés = National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE).
    * despacho de profesor = faculty office.
    * interinidad como profesor = faculty tenure.
    * plaza de profesor = professorship.
    * profesor académico = faculty member.
    * profesor asociado = assistant professor.
    * profesor ayudante = teaching assistant, teacher aide.
    * profesor-bibliotecario = teacher-librarian.
    * profesor de autoescuela = driving instructor.
    * profesor de biblioteconomía = library educator.
    * profesor de educación básica = school teacher.
    * profesor de universidad = university faculty, university lecturer.
    * profesor emérito = emeritus professor, professor emeritus.
    * profesor encargado de la biblioteca = teacher-librarian.
    * profesor en prácticas = in-service teacher.
    * profesores = faculty.
    * profesor invitado = fellow, visiting professor, visiting lecturer, visiting scholar, visiting fellow.
    * profesor titular = associate professor.
    * profesor titular interino = assistant professor, lecturer.
    * profesor universitario = professor, academic, college educator, university educator, university instructor.
    * reunión de profesores = faculty meeting.
    * sala de profesores = faculty common room.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    (de escuela secundaria) teacher, schoolteacher; (de universidad) professor ( AmE), lecturer ( BrE)
    profesor de piano/guitarra piano/guitar teacher
    es profesora de gimnasia she's a physical education teacher
    tiene un profesor particular he has a private tutor
    Compuestos:
    ● profesor agregado, profesora agregada
    masculine, feminine agregado
    ● profesor asociado, profesora asociada
    masculine, feminine part-time professor ( AmE) o ( BrE) lecturer
    ( Esp) certified public accountant ( AmE), chartered accountant ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    profesor
    ◊ - sora sustantivo masculino, femenino ( de escuela secundaria) teacher, schoolteacher;


    ( de universidad) professor (AmE), lecturer (BrE);

    profesor,-ora sustantivo masculino y femenino
    1 teacher
    profesor de autoescuela, driving instructor
    profesor particular, private tutor
    2 Univ lecturer

    ' profesor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agregada
    - agregado
    - añadidura
    - cala
    - calificar
    - destino
    - incorporarse
    - monitor
    - monitora
    - oposición
    - permitirse
    - pestiño
    - profesora
    - rígida
    - rígido
    - suplente
    - adjunto
    - auxiliar
    - clase
    - cucho
    - guardapolvo
    - interino
    - jalador
    - mejor
    - particular
    - plomo
    - querido
    - seguir
    - severo
    - suplencia
    - suplir
    - sustituir
    - titular
    - tomar
    - valer
    English:
    amorphous
    - appreciative
    - archaic
    - attest
    - coach
    - discipline
    - drone
    - enunciate
    - erratic
    - fantasize
    - fellow
    - get across
    - instructor
    - lecturer
    - master
    - misbehave
    - mistake
    - must
    - neither
    - outline
    - private
    - reader
    - reputed
    - rude
    - schoolmaster
    - schoolteacher
    - teach
    - teacher
    - tough
    - tutor
    - intern
    - professor
    - school
    - see
    - senior
    - sir
    - substitute
    - supply
    * * *
    profesor, -ora nm,f
    1. [de colegio, academia] teacher;
    [de autoescuela, esquí] instructor;
    profesor de historia/música history/music teacher
    profesor agregado [de secundaria] teacher [with permanent post];
    profesor particular (private) tutor;
    profesor suplente Br supply teacher, US substitute teacher
    2. [de universidad] Br lecturer, US professor
    profesor asociado = university lecturer with part-time contract;
    profesor ayudante = university lecturer who is also studying for their PhD;
    profesor emérito professor emeritus, emeritus professor;
    profesor invitado visiting Br lecturer o US professor;
    profesor titular Br lecturer, US professor [with tenure]
    * * *
    m, profesora f teacher; de universidad professor, Br
    lecturer;
    profesor de educación infantil kindergarten teacher
    * * *
    1) maestro: teacher
    2) : professor
    * * *
    1. (de escuela) teacher
    2. (de universidad) lecturer

    Spanish-English dictionary > profesor

  • 9 programa de estudios

    * * *
    (n.) = course brochure, educational program(me), school program(me), study program(me), syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], education programme
    Ex. Course brochure and prospectuses of course programmes, in addition to publicity materials, were acquired.
    Ex. Those of you here can best answer the question: What are the goals of your educational programs?.
    Ex. This book examines Dewey's enhanced educational views on topics such as the qualifications of a librarian, the value of personal qualities and a college education, and technical qualifications and the school programme.
    Ex. The reasons for this are varied but can depend largely on the importance placed on the provision of these skills by both the library and the course planners in the early stages of the student study programme.
    Ex. Examine a few syllabuses for basic courses in geography.
    Ex. Out of 18 different education programs conducted by small companies, two-thirds were conducted by manufacturing companies, the remainder were in health services, construction, or transportation companies.
    * * *
    (n.) = course brochure, educational program(me), school program(me), study program(me), syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], education programme

    Ex: Course brochure and prospectuses of course programmes, in addition to publicity materials, were acquired.

    Ex: Those of you here can best answer the question: What are the goals of your educational programs?.
    Ex: This book examines Dewey's enhanced educational views on topics such as the qualifications of a librarian, the value of personal qualities and a college education, and technical qualifications and the school programme.
    Ex: The reasons for this are varied but can depend largely on the importance placed on the provision of these skills by both the library and the course planners in the early stages of the student study programme.
    Ex: Examine a few syllabuses for basic courses in geography.
    Ex: Out of 18 different education programs conducted by small companies, two-thirds were conducted by manufacturing companies, the remainder were in health services, construction, or transportation companies.

    * * *
    syllabus, curriculum

    Spanish-English dictionary > programa de estudios

  • 10 situación

    f.
    1 situation, state, picture.
    2 position, siting.
    3 presentation of the fetus, lie, lie of the fetus, presentation.
    * * *
    1 (circunstancia) situation
    2 (posición) position
    3 (emplazamiento) situation, location
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=circunstancias) situation

    ¿qué harías en una situación así? — what would you do in a situation like that?

    2) (=emplazamiento) situation, location

    la casa tiene una situación inmejorable — the house is in a superb location, the house is superbly located o situated

    3) [en la sociedad] position, standing

    crearse una situación — to do well for o.s.

    situación económica — financial position, financial situation

    4) (=estado) state
    5)

    precio de situación — LAm bargain price

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( coyuntura) situation
    b) ( en la sociedad) position, standing
    2) ( emplazamiento) position, situation (frml), location (frml)
    * * *
    = event, location, picture, position, scenario, scene, setting, situation, state, state of affairs, pass, set and setting, landscape, juncture, setup [set-up], footing, stage, climate, conjuncture.
    Ex. The concept of corporate body includes named occasional groups and events, such as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, and fairs.
    Ex. Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex. Outside the Gwynedd, Dyfed and Clwyd heartland the picture was not encouraging.
    Ex. The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.
    Ex. This article describes a scenario in which the training of junior staff on-the-job is discussed emphasising that the reality in New Zealand libraries falls far short of the ideal.
    Ex. Scenes that include conflict, emotions, prejudices, misunderstandings, and unreasonableness but also kindliness, humor, friendliness, and goodwill are acted out daily in different kinds of libraries.
    Ex. Over 700 CRT terminals are online to Columbus and are used in a variety of ways to improve service in the local library settings.
    Ex. Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.
    Ex. Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.
    Ex. One likely effect of this would be that the information-rich would become richer and the information-poor poorer, a state of affairs which many would consider highly undesirable.
    Ex. As he traversed the length of the corridor to the media center, Anthony Datto reflected on the events that had brought him to this unhappy pass.
    Ex. For me a picture of myself in a dentist's waiting room is a perfect metaphor for set and setting very much in play against the easily obtained pleasures I usually get from reading.
    Ex. During the post-war period international organizations have become a prominent feature of the international landscape.
    Ex. For all national libraries a major factor is technological change in communication proceeding at an ever accelerating rating which has brought them to the current juncture.
    Ex. 'You know,' she had said amiably, 'there might be a better job for you here once things get rolling with this new regional setup'.
    Ex. Certain new factors have fertilized the ground for the rooting and growth of activity on a stronger and firmer footing than has ever been possible in the past.
    Ex. Although this study examines the international management stage, there are some points of relevance to this project.
    Ex. The article 'Keeping your ear to the ground' discusses the skills and knowledge information professionals need to have in today's IT-rich climate.
    Ex. This has opened up issues of what is & is not thinkable &, therefore, doable in the present conjuncture of crisis & instability.
    ----
    * aceptar la situación = accept + situation.
    * adaptable a la situación = situation-aware.
    * afrontar la situación = bear + the strain.
    * agravar una situación = exacerbate + situation, aggravate + situation.
    * analizar los pormenores de una situación = look + behind the scene.
    * aprovechar la situación = ride + the wave.
    * cambiar a la situación anterior = reverse.
    * cambiar la situación = change + the course of events.
    * complicar la situación = cloud + the issue, confuse + the issue.
    * confundir la situación = cloud + the view, cloud + the picture.
    * contemplar una situación = address + situation.
    * controlar la situación = tame + the beast.
    * corregir una situación = correct + situation, redress + situation.
    * crear una situación = create + a situation.
    * dada la situación = in the circumstances.
    * darse una situación más esperanzadora = sound + a note of hope.
    * desafiar una situación = challenge + situation.
    * describir una situación = depict + situation.
    * disfrutar de la situación = ride + the wave.
    * dominar la situación = tame + the beast.
    * empeorar la situación = make + things worse.
    * empeorar una situación = exacerbate + situation, aggravate + situation.
    * encontrarse con una situación = come across + situation, meet + situation.
    * encontrarse en una mejor situación económica = be economically better off.
    * en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier situación = in any given situation.
    * en esta situación = at this juncture.
    * enfrentarse a una situación = face + situation, meet + situation.
    * en la situación concreta = on the scene.
    * en situación de = in the position to.
    * en situación de crisis = on the rocks.
    * en situaciones de riesgo = in harm's way.
    * en situaciones normales = under normal circumstances.
    * en situaciones peligrosas = in harm's way.
    * en una situación de emergencia = in an emergency situation, in an emergency.
    * en una situación desesperada = in dire straits.
    * en una situación muy problemática = in deep trouble, in deep water.
    * estado de una situación = state of being.
    * estar en situación de = be in a position to.
    * estar en una situación diferente = be on a different track.
    * explicar la situación = explain + the situation.
    * gravedad de la situación, la = seriousness of the situation, la, gravity of the situation, the.
    * hacer frente a la situación = tackle + situation.
    * hacer que se produzca una situación = bring about + situation.
    * hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.
    * imaginarse una situación = envision + situation.
    * información que permite mejorar la situación social de Alguien = empowering information.
    * informe de situación = status report.
    * informe sobre la situación actual = state of the art report.
    * la situación = the course of events.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * mejora de situación social = upward mobility.
    * mejorar la situación = improve + the lot.
    * mejorar una situación = ameliorate + situation.
    * meterse en una situación embarazosa = put + Reflexivo + into + position.
    * ocupar una situación idónea para = be well-placed to.
    * pasar a una situación económica más confortable = improve + Posesivo + lot.
    * perder el control de la situacion = things + get out of hand.
    * reaccionar ante una situación = respond to + situation.
    * rectificar una situación = rectify + situation.
    * remediar una situación = remedy + situation.
    * resolver una situación = manage + situation, resolve + situation.
    * responder a una situación = respond to + situation.
    * salir de una situación difícil = haul + Reflexivo + out of + Posesivo + bog.
    * sensible a la situación = situation-aware.
    * simulacro de una situación supuesta = play-acting.
    * situación actual = current situation, current state, present state, current status.
    * situación actual, la = scheme of things, the.
    * situación + agravar = situation + exacerbate.
    * situación análoga = analogue.
    * situación apremiante = plight.
    * situación apurada = hardship.
    * situación azarosa = predicament.
    * situación buena = strong position.
    * situación + cambiar = tide + turn.
    * situación cómica = comedy sketch.
    * situación confusa = muddy waters.
    * situación cotidiana = everyday situation, daily situation.
    * situación crítica = critical situation.
    * situación de decadencia irreversible = terminal decline.
    * situación de desesperación = scene of despair.
    * situación de estrés = stress situation.
    * situación de préstamo = loan status.
    * situación desagradable = unpleasantness.
    * situación de tensión = stress situation.
    * situación diaria = daily situation.
    * situación difícil = plight, hardship, bumpy ride.
    * situación económica = financial situation, economic status.
    * situación económica, la = economics of the situation, the.
    * situación embarazosa = embarrassing situation.
    * situación en la que hay un vencedor y un perdedor = win-lose + Nombre.
    * situación en la que las dos partes salen ganando = win-win + Nombre.
    * situaciones = sphere of activity, sphere of life, walks (of/in) life.
    * situaciones de la vida = life situations [life-situations].
    * situación experimental = laboratory situation.
    * situación forzada = Procrustean bed.
    * situación hipotética = scenario.
    * situación ideal = ideal situation.
    * situación insoportable = unbearable situation.
    * situación insostenible = unbearable situation.
    * situación + irse de las manos = things + get out of hand.
    * situación laboral = employment situation, employment status.
    * situación + mejorar = situation + ease.
    * situación peligrosa = endangerment, dangerous situation.
    * situación penosa = plight.
    * situación poco clara = clouding.
    * situación política = political scene.
    * situación posible = scenario.
    * situación precaria = precarious situation.
    * situación privilegiada = advantageous location.
    * situación problemática = problem situation.
    * situación sin solución = impasse.
    * situación + surgir = situation + arise.
    * situación tensa = stress situation.
    * situación ventajosa = winning situation.
    * superar una situación difícil = weather + the bumpy ride, weather + the storm.
    * verse en la situación = find + Reflexivo + in the position.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( coyuntura) situation
    b) ( en la sociedad) position, standing
    2) ( emplazamiento) position, situation (frml), location (frml)
    * * *
    = event, location, picture, position, scenario, scene, setting, situation, state, state of affairs, pass, set and setting, landscape, juncture, setup [set-up], footing, stage, climate, conjuncture.

    Ex: The concept of corporate body includes named occasional groups and events, such as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, and fairs.

    Ex: Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex: Outside the Gwynedd, Dyfed and Clwyd heartland the picture was not encouraging.
    Ex: The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.
    Ex: This article describes a scenario in which the training of junior staff on-the-job is discussed emphasising that the reality in New Zealand libraries falls far short of the ideal.
    Ex: Scenes that include conflict, emotions, prejudices, misunderstandings, and unreasonableness but also kindliness, humor, friendliness, and goodwill are acted out daily in different kinds of libraries.
    Ex: Over 700 CRT terminals are online to Columbus and are used in a variety of ways to improve service in the local library settings.
    Ex: Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.
    Ex: Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.
    Ex: One likely effect of this would be that the information-rich would become richer and the information-poor poorer, a state of affairs which many would consider highly undesirable.
    Ex: As he traversed the length of the corridor to the media center, Anthony Datto reflected on the events that had brought him to this unhappy pass.
    Ex: For me a picture of myself in a dentist's waiting room is a perfect metaphor for set and setting very much in play against the easily obtained pleasures I usually get from reading.
    Ex: During the post-war period international organizations have become a prominent feature of the international landscape.
    Ex: For all national libraries a major factor is technological change in communication proceeding at an ever accelerating rating which has brought them to the current juncture.
    Ex: 'You know,' she had said amiably, 'there might be a better job for you here once things get rolling with this new regional setup'.
    Ex: Certain new factors have fertilized the ground for the rooting and growth of activity on a stronger and firmer footing than has ever been possible in the past.
    Ex: Although this study examines the international management stage, there are some points of relevance to this project.
    Ex: The article 'Keeping your ear to the ground' discusses the skills and knowledge information professionals need to have in today's IT-rich climate.
    Ex: This has opened up issues of what is & is not thinkable &, therefore, doable in the present conjuncture of crisis & instability.
    * aceptar la situación = accept + situation.
    * adaptable a la situación = situation-aware.
    * afrontar la situación = bear + the strain.
    * agravar una situación = exacerbate + situation, aggravate + situation.
    * analizar los pormenores de una situación = look + behind the scene.
    * aprovechar la situación = ride + the wave.
    * cambiar a la situación anterior = reverse.
    * cambiar la situación = change + the course of events.
    * complicar la situación = cloud + the issue, confuse + the issue.
    * confundir la situación = cloud + the view, cloud + the picture.
    * contemplar una situación = address + situation.
    * controlar la situación = tame + the beast.
    * corregir una situación = correct + situation, redress + situation.
    * crear una situación = create + a situation.
    * dada la situación = in the circumstances.
    * darse una situación más esperanzadora = sound + a note of hope.
    * desafiar una situación = challenge + situation.
    * describir una situación = depict + situation.
    * disfrutar de la situación = ride + the wave.
    * dominar la situación = tame + the beast.
    * empeorar la situación = make + things worse.
    * empeorar una situación = exacerbate + situation, aggravate + situation.
    * encontrarse con una situación = come across + situation, meet + situation.
    * encontrarse en una mejor situación económica = be economically better off.
    * en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier situación = in any given situation.
    * en esta situación = at this juncture.
    * enfrentarse a una situación = face + situation, meet + situation.
    * en la situación concreta = on the scene.
    * en situación de = in the position to.
    * en situación de crisis = on the rocks.
    * en situaciones de riesgo = in harm's way.
    * en situaciones normales = under normal circumstances.
    * en situaciones peligrosas = in harm's way.
    * en una situación de emergencia = in an emergency situation, in an emergency.
    * en una situación desesperada = in dire straits.
    * en una situación muy problemática = in deep trouble, in deep water.
    * estado de una situación = state of being.
    * estar en situación de = be in a position to.
    * estar en una situación diferente = be on a different track.
    * explicar la situación = explain + the situation.
    * gravedad de la situación, la = seriousness of the situation, la, gravity of the situation, the.
    * hacer frente a la situación = tackle + situation.
    * hacer que se produzca una situación = bring about + situation.
    * hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.
    * imaginarse una situación = envision + situation.
    * información que permite mejorar la situación social de Alguien = empowering information.
    * informe de situación = status report.
    * informe sobre la situación actual = state of the art report.
    * la situación = the course of events.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * mejora de situación social = upward mobility.
    * mejorar la situación = improve + the lot.
    * mejorar una situación = ameliorate + situation.
    * meterse en una situación embarazosa = put + Reflexivo + into + position.
    * ocupar una situación idónea para = be well-placed to.
    * pasar a una situación económica más confortable = improve + Posesivo + lot.
    * perder el control de la situacion = things + get out of hand.
    * reaccionar ante una situación = respond to + situation.
    * rectificar una situación = rectify + situation.
    * remediar una situación = remedy + situation.
    * resolver una situación = manage + situation, resolve + situation.
    * responder a una situación = respond to + situation.
    * salir de una situación difícil = haul + Reflexivo + out of + Posesivo + bog.
    * sensible a la situación = situation-aware.
    * simulacro de una situación supuesta = play-acting.
    * situación actual = current situation, current state, present state, current status.
    * situación actual, la = scheme of things, the.
    * situación + agravar = situation + exacerbate.
    * situación análoga = analogue.
    * situación apremiante = plight.
    * situación apurada = hardship.
    * situación azarosa = predicament.
    * situación buena = strong position.
    * situación + cambiar = tide + turn.
    * situación cómica = comedy sketch.
    * situación confusa = muddy waters.
    * situación cotidiana = everyday situation, daily situation.
    * situación crítica = critical situation.
    * situación de decadencia irreversible = terminal decline.
    * situación de desesperación = scene of despair.
    * situación de estrés = stress situation.
    * situación de préstamo = loan status.
    * situación desagradable = unpleasantness.
    * situación de tensión = stress situation.
    * situación diaria = daily situation.
    * situación difícil = plight, hardship, bumpy ride.
    * situación económica = financial situation, economic status.
    * situación económica, la = economics of the situation, the.
    * situación embarazosa = embarrassing situation.
    * situación en la que hay un vencedor y un perdedor = win-lose + Nombre.
    * situación en la que las dos partes salen ganando = win-win + Nombre.
    * situaciones = sphere of activity, sphere of life, walks (of/in) life.
    * situaciones de la vida = life situations [life-situations].
    * situación experimental = laboratory situation.
    * situación forzada = Procrustean bed.
    * situación hipotética = scenario.
    * situación ideal = ideal situation.
    * situación insoportable = unbearable situation.
    * situación insostenible = unbearable situation.
    * situación + irse de las manos = things + get out of hand.
    * situación laboral = employment situation, employment status.
    * situación + mejorar = situation + ease.
    * situación peligrosa = endangerment, dangerous situation.
    * situación penosa = plight.
    * situación poco clara = clouding.
    * situación política = political scene.
    * situación posible = scenario.
    * situación precaria = precarious situation.
    * situación privilegiada = advantageous location.
    * situación problemática = problem situation.
    * situación sin solución = impasse.
    * situación + surgir = situation + arise.
    * situación tensa = stress situation.
    * situación ventajosa = winning situation.
    * superar una situación difícil = weather + the bumpy ride, weather + the storm.
    * verse en la situación = find + Reflexivo + in the position.

    * * *
    A
    1 (coyuntura) situation
    nuestra situación económica our financial situation o position
    no está en situación de poder ayudarnos she is not in a position to be able to help us
    se encuentra en una situación desesperada her situation o plight is desperate, she is in a desperate situation
    apenas crearon situaciones de gol they hardly made any scoring chances
    salvar la situación to save the day o rescue the situation
    2 (en la sociedad) position, standing
    Compuesto:
    extreme situation
    B (emplazamiento) position, situation ( frml), location ( frml)
    la situación del local es excelente the premises are ideally situated o located
    * * *

     

    situación sustantivo femenino
    1


    2 ( emplazamiento) position, situation (frml), location (frml)
    situación sustantivo femenino
    1 (económica) situation
    2 (trance) me puso en una situación muy embarazosa, he put me in an awkward situation
    3 (emplazamiento) location
    4 (condiciones, disposición) state: no estamos en situación de rechazarlo, we are in no position to refuse it
    ' situación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abusiva
    - abusivo
    - acierto
    - aclimatarse
    - adueñarse
    - afianzarse
    - airosa
    - airoso
    - ambiente
    - ámbito
    - anterioridad
    - aprovechar
    - caer
    - calibrar
    - callejón
    - cañón
    - capear
    - cargo
    - caso
    - comparable
    - comprometedor
    - comprometedora
    - comprometida
    - comprometido
    - compromiso
    - condición
    - conducir
    - considerablemente
    - correr
    - coyuntura
    - crisis
    - decantar
    - desdramatizar
    - desembocar
    - detonante
    - dimanar
    - disposición
    - dueña
    - dueño
    - embrollo
    - emotiva
    - emotivo
    - endemoniada
    - endemoniado
    - enrarecerse
    - enredar
    - enredarse
    - entrar
    - estar
    - estado
    English:
    aggravate
    - anywhere
    - applicable
    - apprise
    - aspect
    - assess
    - assessment
    - awkward
    - backdrop
    - border on
    - break
    - bullet
    - business
    - case
    - command
    - confuse
    - consolidate
    - danger
    - defuse
    - deteriorate
    - dinner
    - dire
    - disgusting
    - distressing
    - encouraging
    - end
    - explosive
    - fraught
    - fuel
    - further
    - grim
    - heat
    - hook
    - hot up
    - in
    - indoors
    - inflammable
    - injustice
    - irritating
    - joke
    - mess
    - misjudge
    - muddy
    - nasty
    - need
    - no-win
    - off
    - ongoing
    - pass
    - picture
    * * *
    1. [circunstancias] situation;
    [legal, social] status;
    estar en situación de hacer algo [en general] to be in a position to do sth;
    [enfermo, borracho] to be in a fit state to do sth;
    estar en una situación privilegiada to be in a privileged position
    situación económica economic situation;
    situación límite extreme o critical situation
    2. [ubicación] location;
    la tienda está en una situación muy céntrica the shop is in a very central location
    * * *
    f situation;
    estar en situación de be in a position to
    * * *
    situación nf, pl - ciones : situation
    * * *
    situación n situation

    Spanish-English dictionary > situación

  • 11 personal

    adj.
    personal.
    una opinión/pregunta personal a personal opinion/question
    personal e intransferible non-transferable
    f.
    personal foul.
    m.
    staff, personnel (trabajadores).
    personal docente teaching staff
    personal mínimo skeleton staff
    personal en plantilla in-house staff
    personal sanitario health workers
    personal de tierra ground crew
    * * *
    1 personal
    1 (de una empresa) personnel, staff
    2 familiar (gente) everyone, everybody
    1 DEPORTE (falta) personal foul
    \
    personal docente teaching staff
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. noun m.
    staff, personnel
    * * *
    1.
    2. SM
    1) (=plantilla) staff, personnel; ( esp Mil) force; (Náut) crew, complement

    personal de tierra — (Aer) ground crew, ground staff

    2) * (=gente) people
    3.
    SF (Baloncesto) personal foul
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo personal
    II
    a) (de fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff (sing or pl)
    b) (Esp fam & hum) ( gente) people
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo personal
    II
    a) (de fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff (sing or pl)
    b) (Esp fam & hum) ( gente) people
    * * *
    personal1
    1 = manpower, manpower force, personnel, staff, staffing, work-force [workforce], crew.

    Ex: The question has been raised as to the manpower required to produce the ever-increasing number of abstracts.

    Ex: This article focusses attention on formulating plans and policy for building up a manpower force for modernising library and information systems India within the next 5 years.
    Ex: Application areas include: personnel records, mailing lists, accident and incident records, clinical and health records, committee minutes and records, and so on.
    Ex: The current LC MARC data base contains both records created by the LC staff and those created by co-operating libraries and verified by the LC.
    Ex: During the discussions it became apparent that the most pressing issues of staffing, resources, procedural complexities and educational opportunities related to IT.
    Ex: Employers of library and information staff have to develop and maintain skills within the workforce.
    Ex: Phillips has 12 installations with a crew of 15-450 men.
    * actitud del personal = staff attitude.
    * administración de personal = personnel administration.
    * ahorro de personal = staff saving.
    * apoyo del personal = staff support.
    * asignar personal = commit + manpower.
    * bien dotado de personal = well-staffed.
    * costes de personal = staff costs.
    * dedicación del personal = staff hours.
    * desarrollo profesional del personal = staff development.
    * dotación de personal = staffing.
    * encargado de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer.
    * evaluación del personal = personnel evaluation.
    * exceso de personal administrativo = administrative bloat.
    * falta de personal = undermanning.
    * falto de personal = understaffed [under-staffed].
    * formación continua del personal = staff development.
    * formación del personal = staff training, professional development.
    * formar personal = produce + personnel.
    * funciones del personal = staff duties.
    * gastos en personal = staff costs.
    * gestión de personal = personnel management.
    * jefe de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer, staff manager.
    * jefe de personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * miembro del personal = staff member, staffer.
    * movimiento de personal = staff turnover, turnover, labour turnover.
    * número y distribución de personal = staffing conditions.
    * personal administrativo = administrative staff.
    * personal administrativo de apoyo = clerical staff, clerical worker, clerical personnel.
    * personal auxiliar = clerical staff.
    * personal bibliotecario = library personnel, library staff, library worker.
    * personal civil = civilian staff.
    * personal cualificado = qualified staff, qualified personnel.
    * personal de ambulancia = ambulance crew.
    * personal de apoyo = paraprofessional staff, support staff.
    * personal de apoyo bibliotecario = library support staff.
    * personal de cabina = cabin crew.
    * personal de dirección = senior staff, senior management.
    * personal de la biblioteca = library staff, library worker.
    * personal del mostrador = counter staff.
    * personal del mostrador de préstamo = counter staff.
    * personal de mantenimiento = service worker.
    * personal de proceso de datos = operation staff.
    * personal de recepción = reception staff.
    * personal de referencia = reference staff, reference personnel.
    * personal de secretaría = secretarial staff.
    * personal de seguridad = security staff.
    * personal de servicios = service worker.
    * personal de un centro multimedia escolar = school media staff.
    * personal de vuelo = flight crew.
    * personal equivalente a tiempo completo = full-time equivalent staff (FTE staff).
    * personal joven = new blood.
    * personal más nuevo = junior staff.
    * personal militar = military personnel.
    * personal necesario = staffing levels.
    * personal paraprofesional = paraprofessional staff.
    * personal profesional = professional staff.
    * personal sanitario = clinical staff.
    * personal técnico = technical staff.
    * personal técnico de apoyo = support staff.
    * política de personal = personnel policy, staff policy.
    * puesta al día del personal = staff development.
    * que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = labour-intensive [labour intensive], staff-intensive [staff intensive].
    * razones del movimiento de personal = turnover behaviour.
    * recorte de personal = downsizing, staffing cut.
    * reducción de personal = staff cutbacks, downsizing.
    * registro de personal = personnel record.
    * renovación de personal = turnover, labour turnover.
    * responsable del personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * reunión de personal = staff meeting.
    * ritmo de movimiento de personal = turnover rate.
    * sala de estar para el personal = coffee lounge.
    * sala de personal = staff lounge.
    * sección de personal = personnel department, personnel office.
    * selección de personal = personnel recruitment.
    * sólo para personal autorizado = restricted access.
    * tareas del personal = staff duties.
    * tasa de movimiento de personal = turnover rate, turnover rate.
    * turnos del personal = staffing rota.
    * vacante de personal = staff vacancy.

    personal2
    = one-to-one, personal, private, intimate, one-on-one.

    Ex: A few large libraries contain an adult learning centre, which provides training courses for volunteer tutors, one-to-one tutoring or instruction in small groups.

    Ex: Cards will remain useful for small local and personal indexes but other options, in the form of microcomputers and their software are beginning to compete in this application.
    Ex: SWALCAP supports a network arrangement of remote terminals and minicomputers linked to the central computer via private lines.
    Ex: Until we feel as librarians that we are an intimate part of society, we will never begin to believe that we really function.
    Ex: The one-on-one training pattern predominates and is effective at this institution where education in the singular is stressed.
    * actitud personal = personal attitude.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * alarma personal = rape alarm, personal alarm.
    * anuncio personal = personal ad.
    * aprovechamiento personal = personal gain.
    * archivo personal = private archives, personal archive(s), personal records.
    * armadura personal = body armour.
    * artículo personal = personal item.
    * asunto personal = personal issue.
    * atención personal = personal attention.
    * atención personal al cliente = personal selling.
    * a título personal = in a personal capacity, in a private capacity.
    * atracción personal = personal attraction.
    * autoría personal = personal authorship.
    * autor personal = personal author.
    * autor personal único = single personal authorship.
    * beneficio personal = personal gain.
    * biblioteca personal = personal library.
    * bienes personales = personal property.
    * blindaje personal = body armour.
    * característica personal = personality trait, personality characteristic.
    * carta personal = personal letter.
    * cheque personal = personal cheque.
    * comentario personal = personal note.
    * comentario personal de una lectura = reading-reportage.
    * compromiso personal = personal engagement, personal investment.
    * contacto personal = personal contact, public contact.
    * contratación de personal cualificado de otras empresas = lateral hiring.
    * convicción personal = personal conviction.
    * cualidades personales = personal qualities.
    * cuestión personal = personal issue, life issue.
    * datos personales = personal details.
    * dinero para gastos personales = pocket change, pocket money.
    * documentos personales = personal papers.
    * economía personal = personal finance.
    * efectos personales = personal belongings.
    * ego personal = personal ego.
    * encabezamiento de nombre personal = personal name heading.
    * enriquecimiento personal = personal enrichment.
    * entrada de nombre personal = personal name entry.
    * entrevista personal = personal interview.
    * espacio personal = personal space, territorial space, personal space territory.
    * estilo personal = persona [personae, -pl.].
    * expediente personal = personal records.
    * experiencia personal = personal experience.
    * gestión de archivos personales = personal archives management, personal records management.
    * gusto personal = personal taste, personal preference.
    * hábito personal = personal habit.
    * hacer uso personal = make + personal use.
    * higiene personal = personal hygiene.
    * historia personal = personal history.
    * índice de rendimiento personal = individual performance index.
    * información personal = personal information.
    * interés personal = vested interest, personal interest.
    * interpersonal = person-to-person.
    * intimidad personal = personal privacy.
    * invasión del espacio personal = invasion of space.
    * libertad personal = personal freedom.
    * logro personal = a feather in + Posesivo + cap, personal achievement.
    * marca personal = personal record.
    * miembro personal = personal member.
    * nombre personal = personal name.
    * norma personal = personal norm.
    * opinión personal = personal opinion.
    * ordenador personal (PC) = personal computer (PC).
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * perder un objeto personal = lose + property.
    * personal investigador = research staff.
    * PIN (número de identificación personal) = PIN (personal identification number).
    * por razones personales = for personal reasons.
    * preferencia personal = personal preference.
    * problema personal = personal problem.
    * razones personales = personal reasons.
    * realización personal = personal fulfilment.
    * récord personal = personal record.
    * responsabilidad personal = personal responsibility.
    * satisfacción personal = personal satisfaction.
    * seguridad personal = personal safety.
    * sello personal = fingerprint [finger-print].
    * sicología personal = personal psychology.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * tecnología del ordenador personal = personal computer technology.
    * tener un interés muy personal en = hold + a stake in, have + a stake in.
    * territorio personal = personal space territory.
    * toque personal = personal touch.
    * triunfo personal = a feather in + Posesivo + cap.
    * uso personal = personal use.
    * vida personal = personal life.
    * voluntad personal = personal will.

    * * *
    ‹asunto/documento/pregunta› personal; ‹opinión/juicio› personal
    objetos de uso personal personal effects
    una alusión personal a personal remark
    está basado en su experiencia personal it is based on (his own) personal experience
    no tiene ningún interés personal en el asunto he has no personal interest in the matter
    1 (de una fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff ( sing or pl)
    estamos escasos de personal we're short-staffed
    intentan aumentar la producción con el mismo personal they are trying to increase production with the same number of staff o with the same workforce
    2 ( Esp fam hum) (gente) people
    ¡cuánto personal hay en la calle! what a lot of people there are in the street!
    saca unas copas para el personal get some glasses out for everyone o for people
    Compuestos:
    cabin staff o crew
    ( Arg) staff ( of a building)
    ground crew o staff
    flight crew
    * * *

     

    personal adjetivo
    personal;

    ■ sustantivo masculino (de fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff ( sing or pl);
    estamos escasos de personal we're short-staffed
    personal
    I adjetivo personal
    una carta personal, a private letter
    II sustantivo masculino (trabajadores) staff, personnel

    ' personal' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consignar
    - contingente
    - dato
    - efecto
    - escala
    - interés
    - jefa
    - jefe
    - lavandería
    - llave
    - objeto
    - particular
    - pasar
    - placa
    - plana
    - plano
    - presente
    - primar
    - privada
    - privado
    - abandonar
    - ampliación
    - ampliar
    - aseo
    - auxiliar
    - bien
    - citar
    - computadora
    - consultorio
    - coqueto
    - defensa
    - dejadez
    - dejado
    - despedir
    - diario
    - falta
    - historial
    - insuficiencia
    - intimidad
    - número
    - palacio
    - patrimonio
    - PC
    - planilla
    - plantilla
    - reducción
    - tarjeta
    - uno
    English:
    accustom
    - achievement
    - agree
    - appreciate
    - averse
    - balloon
    - battle
    - cleanliness
    - computer
    - dear
    - decision
    - decision making
    - delay
    - despite
    - diary
    - dodge
    - employ
    - excuse
    - exploit
    - first-hand
    - gap
    - heart-to-heart
    - love
    - maintenance staff
    - mate
    - myself
    - neglect
    - office staff
    - PA
    - pc
    - personal
    - personal best
    - personal computer
    - personal pronoun
    - personally
    - personnel
    - personnel department
    - personnel management
    - private
    - private income
    - put off
    - referee
    - self-improvement
    - self-interest
    - short-staffed
    - staff
    - staff meeting
    - staff training
    - staffing
    - strength
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    [privado, íntimo] personal;
    una opinión/pregunta personal a personal opinion/question;
    mi teléfono personal es… my home o private number is…;
    para uso personal for personal use;
    personal e intransferible non-transferable
    ♦ nm
    1. [trabajadores] staff, personnel
    personal administrativo administrative staff;
    personal de cabina cabin staff o crew;
    personal docente teaching staff;
    personal de oficina office staff;
    personal de tierra ground staff o crew;
    personal de ventas sales force o team
    2. Esp Fam [gente] people;
    el personal quería ir al cine the gang wanted to go to the cinema
    ♦ nf
    [en baloncesto] personal foul
    * * *
    I adj personal
    II m
    1 personnel, staff;
    personal docente teaching staff
    2 en baloncesto personal foul
    * * *
    : personal
    : personnel, staff
    * * *
    personal1 adj personal / private
    personal2 n staff

    Spanish-English dictionary > personal

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 Д-86

    ДЕЛО НАЖИВНОЕ coll NP Invar subj-compl with бытье ( subj: concr, abstr, or, rare, human) pres only fixed WO
    (of money, material possessions etc or knowledge, some skill etc) sth. can or will be acquired eventually
    (of a spouse, friends etc) some person can or will be gotten, won over eventually
    X — дело наживное = it (thing X) will come with time
    itfs (just) a matter (a question) of time (of knowledge or skills) one will pick it (thing X) up as one goes along (of friends or money) X can (always) be made there are always Xs (there is always X) to be made (of a spouse or material possessions) X can (always) be gotten (of material possessions only) there are always Xs to be had X can be bought again.
    «Отпускные мои все до копейки кончились, а без денег далеко не разбежишься...» - «Деньги - дело наживное», -сказал Антон (Чернёнок 2). "I've spent the last cent of my vacation money, and you can't go far without money." "Money can be made," Anton said (2a).
    «...Ко мне приходил офицер, просят, чтобы дать несколько подвод под раненых. Ведь это все дело наживное а каково им оставаться, подумай!..» (Толстой 6). "...An officer came to me...they are begging me to let them have a few carts for the wounded....After all, it's only a question of a few things that can easily be bought again, and think what it means for them to be left behind!..." (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Д-86

  • 14 дело наживное

    [NP; Invar; subj-compl with быть (subj: concr, abstr, or, rare, human); pres only; fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ (of money, material possessions etc or knowledge, some skill etc) sth. can or will be acquired eventually; (of a spouse, friends etc) some person can or will be gotten, won over eventually:
    - X - дело наживное≈ it (thing X) will come with time;
    - [of friends or money] X can (always) be made;
    - [of a spouse or material possessions] X can (always) be gotten;
    - [of material possessions only] there are always Xs to be had;
    - X can be bought again.
         ♦ "Отпускные мои все до копейки кончились, а без денег далеко не разбежишься..." - "Деньги - дело наживное", - сказал Антон (Чернёнок 2). "I've spent the last cent of my vacation money, and you can't go far without money." "Money can be made," Anton said (2a).
         ♦ "...Ко мне приходил офицер, просят, чтобы дать несколько подвод под раненых. Ведь это все дело наживное; а каково им оставаться, подумай!.." (Толстой 6). "...An officer came to me...they are begging me to let them have a few carts for the wounded....After all, it's only a question of a few things that can easily be bought again, and think what it means for them to be left behind!..." (6a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > дело наживное

  • 15 С-553

    ПОД СТАТЬ coll PrepP Invar
    1. \С-553 кому ( subj-compl with copula (subj: human or nonagreeing modif) one is well-suited for s.o. with regard to certain qualities (skills, experience, personality etc)
    X Y-y - \С-553 X is a good (perfect) match for Y
    X is (just) right for Y X and Y are well (perfectly) matched.
    Она и еще что-то думала вокруг этого, а вокруг этого оказался Мансуров-Курильский, человек, безусловно, бесталанный, но, в общем-то, не плохой и, следовательно, по всем статьям под стать ей самой... (Залыгин 1). Her thoughts turned around this question and lighted upon Mansurov-Kurilsky, a talentless man if ever there was one, but not a bad man, all in all, and therefore in every respect a good match for her (1a).
    2. \С-553 чему ( subj-compl with copula ( subj: usu. abstr) or non-agreeing modif) sth. corresponds with something else
    X \С-553 Y-y = X matches Y
    X jibes X and Y agree X is as AdjP as Y.
    Собачья погода была прямо под стать дяди-Митиному собачьему настроению (Аксёнов 10). The foul weather exactly matched Old Mitya's foul mood (10a).
    Дни тянулись медленно, в химерах и воспоминаниях, в невесёлых, под стать погоде, думах о предстоящей жизни в лагере (Максимов 2). The days dragged slowly by, days spent in daydreams and memories, and in thoughts, cheerless as the weather, about the prospects of life in a prison camp (2a).
    3. - кому-чему ( subj-compl with copula (subj: human or abstr
    or nonagreeing modif) a person (or thing) resembles another person (or thing)
    X \С-553 Y-y = X is like (similar to) Y
    X is similar (in nature) to Y.
    ...Отец (Сергея) когда-то был крупный работник, но так никуда и не вылез, мать - домашняя юристка с принципами и запросами, и он сам им под стать (Трифонов 3)....His (Sergei's) father had once been an outstandingly able man
    yet he had never made it to the top
    his mother was a nonpracticing lawyer with principles and high standards - and Sergei was similar in nature to both of them (3a).
    4. \С-553 кому ( subj-compl with быть« ( subj: infin)
    often neg) it is fitting, decent (for s.o. to do sth.): делать X Y-y не под стать = doing X does not befit (suit, become) Y it isn't right (appropriate, proper, suitable, seemly) for Y to do X.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-553

  • 16 под стать

    [PrepP; Invar]
    =====
    1. под стать кому [subj-compl with copula (subj: human) or nonagreeing modif]
    ⇒ one is well-suited for s.o. with regard to certain qualities (skills, experience, personality etc):
    - X and Y are well (perfectly) matched.
         ♦ Она и еще что-то думала вокруг этого, а вокруг этого оказался Мансуров-Курильский, человек, безусловно, бесталанный, но, в общем-то, не плохой и, следовательно, по всем статьям под стать ей самой... (Залыгин 1). Her thoughts turned around this question and lighted upon Mansurov-Kurilsky, a talentless man if ever there was one, but not a bad man, all in all, and therefore in every respect a good match for her (1a).
    2. под стать чему [subj-compl with copula (subj: usu. abstr) or nonagreeing modif]
    ⇒ sth. corresponds with something else:
    - X - Y-y ≈ Xmatches Y;
    - X jibes < isin keeping> with Y;
    - X is as [AdjP] as Y.
         ♦ Собачья погода была прямо под стать дяди-Митиному собачьему настроению (Аксёнов 10). The foul weather exactly matched Old Mitya's foul mood (10a).
         ♦ Дни тянулись медленно, в химерах и воспоминаниях, в невесёлых, под стать погоде, думах о предстоящей жизни в лагере (Максимов 2). The days dragged slowly by, days spent in daydreams and memories, and in thoughts, cheerless as the weather, about the prospects of life in a prison camp (2a).
    3. под стать кому-чему [subj-compl with copula (subj: human or abstr) or nonagreeing modif]
    ⇒ a person (or thing) resembles another person (or thing):
    - X is similar (in nature) to Y.
         ♦... Отец [Сергея] когда-то был крупный работник, но так никуда и не вылез, мать - домашняя юристка с принципами и запросами, и он сам им под стать (Трифонов 3)....His [Sergei's] father had once been an outstandingly able man; yet he had never made it to the top; his mother was a nonpracticing lawyer with principles and high standards - and Sergei was similar in nature to both of them (3a).
    4. под стать кому [subj-compl with быть (subj: infin); often neg]
    ⇒ it is fitting, decent (for s.o. to do sth.):
    - делать X Y-у не под стать≈ doing X does not befit <suit, become> Y;
    - it isn't right <appropriate, proper, suitable, seemly> for Y to do X.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > под стать

  • 17 personal1

    1 = manpower, manpower force, personnel, staff, staffing, work-force [workforce], crew.
    Ex. The question has been raised as to the manpower required to produce the ever-increasing number of abstracts.
    Ex. This article focusses attention on formulating plans and policy for building up a manpower force for modernising library and information systems India within the next 5 years.
    Ex. Application areas include: personnel records, mailing lists, accident and incident records, clinical and health records, committee minutes and records, and so on.
    Ex. The current LC MARC data base contains both records created by the LC staff and those created by co-operating libraries and verified by the LC.
    Ex. During the discussions it became apparent that the most pressing issues of staffing, resources, procedural complexities and educational opportunities related to IT.
    Ex. Employers of library and information staff have to develop and maintain skills within the workforce.
    Ex. Phillips has 12 installations with a crew of 15-450 men.
    ----
    * actitud del personal = staff attitude.
    * administración de personal = personnel administration.
    * ahorro de personal = staff saving.
    * apoyo del personal = staff support.
    * asignar personal = commit + manpower.
    * bien dotado de personal = well-staffed.
    * costes de personal = staff costs.
    * dedicación del personal = staff hours.
    * desarrollo profesional del personal = staff development.
    * dotación de personal = staffing.
    * encargado de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer.
    * evaluación del personal = personnel evaluation.
    * exceso de personal administrativo = administrative bloat.
    * falta de personal = undermanning.
    * falto de personal = understaffed [under-staffed].
    * formación continua del personal = staff development.
    * formación del personal = staff training, professional development.
    * formar personal = produce + personnel.
    * funciones del personal = staff duties.
    * gastos en personal = staff costs.
    * gestión de personal = personnel management.
    * jefe de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer, staff manager.
    * jefe de personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * miembro del personal = staff member, staffer.
    * movimiento de personal = staff turnover, turnover, labour turnover.
    * número y distribución de personal = staffing conditions.
    * personal administrativo = administrative staff.
    * personal administrativo de apoyo = clerical staff, clerical worker, clerical personnel.
    * personal auxiliar = clerical staff.
    * personal bibliotecario = library personnel, library staff, library worker.
    * personal civil = civilian staff.
    * personal cualificado = qualified staff, qualified personnel.
    * personal de ambulancia = ambulance crew.
    * personal de apoyo = paraprofessional staff, support staff.
    * personal de apoyo bibliotecario = library support staff.
    * personal de cabina = cabin crew.
    * personal de dirección = senior staff, senior management.
    * personal de la biblioteca = library staff, library worker.
    * personal del mostrador = counter staff.
    * personal del mostrador de préstamo = counter staff.
    * personal de mantenimiento = service worker.
    * personal de proceso de datos = operation staff.
    * personal de recepción = reception staff.
    * personal de referencia = reference staff, reference personnel.
    * personal de secretaría = secretarial staff.
    * personal de seguridad = security staff.
    * personal de servicios = service worker.
    * personal de un centro multimedia escolar = school media staff.
    * personal de vuelo = flight crew.
    * personal equivalente a tiempo completo = full-time equivalent staff (FTE staff).
    * personal joven = new blood.
    * personal más nuevo = junior staff.
    * personal militar = military personnel.
    * personal necesario = staffing levels.
    * personal paraprofesional = paraprofessional staff.
    * personal profesional = professional staff.
    * personal sanitario = clinical staff.
    * personal técnico = technical staff.
    * personal técnico de apoyo = support staff.
    * política de personal = personnel policy, staff policy.
    * puesta al día del personal = staff development.
    * que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = labour-intensive [labour intensive], staff-intensive [staff intensive].
    * razones del movimiento de personal = turnover behaviour.
    * recorte de personal = downsizing, staffing cut.
    * reducción de personal = staff cutbacks, downsizing.
    * registro de personal = personnel record.
    * renovación de personal = turnover, labour turnover.
    * responsable del personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * reunión de personal = staff meeting.
    * ritmo de movimiento de personal = turnover rate.
    * sala de estar para el personal = coffee lounge.
    * sala de personal = staff lounge.
    * sección de personal = personnel department, personnel office.
    * selección de personal = personnel recruitment.
    * sólo para personal autorizado = restricted access.
    * tareas del personal = staff duties.
    * tasa de movimiento de personal = turnover rate, turnover rate.
    * turnos del personal = staffing rota.
    * vacante de personal = staff vacancy.

    Spanish-English dictionary > personal1

  • 18 appeler

    appeler [ap(ə)le]
    ➭ TABLE 4
    1. transitive verb
       a. ( = interpeller, faire venir, au téléphone) to call
    • appeler qn à l'aide or au secours to call to sb for help
    • appeler qn en justice or à comparaître to summon sb before the court
       b. ( = désigner) appeler qn à [+ poste] to appoint sb to
       c. ( = réclamer) [situation, conduite] to call for
       d. [+ carte] to call for
       e. (Computing) [+ fichier] to call
    2. intransitive verb
    ( = crier) to call out
    • appeler à l'aide or au secours to call for help
    3. reflexive verb
       a. ( = être nommé) to be called
    • comment s'appelle cet oiseau ? what's the name of this bird?
    • comment ça s'appelle en français ? what's that called in French?
    • voilà ce qui s'appelle une gaffe ! now that's what I call a blunder!
    • je te prête ce livre, mais il s'appelle Reviens ! (inf) I'll lend you this book but I want it back!
    * * *
    aple
    1.
    1) ( dénommer) to call [personne, chose]

    il se fait appeler Robert — ( pour son plaisir) he likes to be called Robert; ( par sécurité) he goes by the name of Robert

    2) ( téléphoner) to phone GB, to call
    3) ( faire venir) to call [docteur, ambulance, pompier, taxi, ascenseur]; to send for [employé, élève]
    4) ( inciter)
    5) ( destiner)

    appeler quelqu'un à — to assign somebody to [charge, fonction]; to appoint somebody to [poste]

    6) (exiger, entraîner) [crime, comportement] to call for [sanction]

    2.
    en appeler à verbe transitif indirect to appeal to [générosité, bon sens, population]

    3.
    verbe intransitif ( crier) [personne] to call

    en cas de besoin, appelez — if you need anything, just call


    4.
    s'appeler verbe pronominal

    voilà ce qui s'appelle une belle voiture! — now, that's what you call a nice car!

    ••

    ça s'appelle reviens! — (colloq) don't forget to give it back!

    appeler les choses par leur nom or un chat un chat — to call a spade a spade

    * * *
    ap(ə)le
    1. vt
    1) (en criant) to call to

    appeler qn à l'aide; appeler qn au secours — to call to sb for help

    2) (au téléphone) to call, to ring Grande-Bretagne

    J'ai appelé Richard à Londres. — I called Richard in London.

    3) (= faire venir) [médecin, police] to call, to send for, [ambulance] to call, to send for, [taxi] to call for

    Elle a appelé le médecin. — She called the doctor.

    Appelle le garçon, il faut que je me sauve. — Could you get the waiter, I've got to go.

    4) (= inviter)

    être appelé à [carrière, honneurs] — to be destined for

    5) (= nécessiter) to call for, to demand
    6) (= nommer) [enfant, chose] to call

    Ils l'ont appelée Suzanne. — They called her Suzanne.

    On appelle ça une plinthe. — It's called a skirting board.

    Un nouvel appareil que son inventeur a appelé le lexitron. — A new device which its inventor called a lexitron.

    2. vi
    1) (au téléphone) to call

    Ah, j'oubliais, Martin a appelé. — Oh, I forgot, Martin called.

    Si quelqu'un appelle, dis que tout le monde est parti. — If anyone calls, tell them everyone's gone.

    2) (en criant) to call out

    en appeler à [personne, générosité] — to appeal to

    * * *
    appeler verb table: appeler
    A vtr
    1 ( dénommer) to call [personne, chose]; comment ont-ils appelé leur fille? what did they call their daughter?; appeler un roi ‘Majesté’ to call a king ‘Your Majesty’; comment appelles-tu cet arbre? what's this tree called?; comment appelle-t-on cela en français? what's that called in French?; il se fait appeler Luc ( pour son plaisir) he likes to be called Luc; ( par sécurité) he goes by the name of Luc;
    2 ( attirer l'attention) to call; appeler ses enfants pour dîner to call one's children for dinner; appeler qn par l'interphone to call sb on the intercom; appeler les fidèles à la prière to call the faithful to prayer; appeler à l'aide to call for help; appeler qn à son aide or à l'aide to call sb to help one;
    3 ( téléphoner) to phone GB, to call; je t'appelle demain I'll phone you tomorrow;
    4 ( faire venir) to call [docteur, ambulance, pompier, taxi]; to call [ascenseur]; to send for [employé, élève]; appeler un médecin auprès d'un malade to call a doctor to see a sick person; il est temps d'appeler un prêtre it's time to call a priest; le docteur a été appelé à l'extérieur the doctor is out on a call; le docteur a été appelé trois fois la nuit dernière the doctor was called out three times last night; le devoir m'appelle duty calls; appeler un témoin Jur to call a witness; appeler qn à comparaître (devant le juge/les tribunaux) to summon sb to appear (before the judge/the court); appeler qn en justice to summon sb to appear in court;
    5 ( inciter) appeler qn à to incite sb to [révolte]; to call sb out on [grève]; appeler qn à l'abstention to call on sb to abstain; les syndicats ont appelé à la grève unions have called for strike action; appeler qn à faire to call on sb to do; appeler à manifester to call for a demonstration;
    6 ( destiner) appeler qn à to assign sb to [charge, fonction]; to appoint sb to [poste]; il a été appelé à de hautes fonctions he was called to high office; ses compétences l'appellent à ce poste his skills make him ideal for the job; mon travail m'appelle à beaucoup voyager my work involves a lot of travel;
    7 ( qualifier de) to call; j'appelle ça du vol I call that robbery; c'est ce que j'appelle une idiotie/une gaffe! now that's what I call stupid/a blunder!;
    8 ( réclamer) appeler qch sur qn to call sth down on sb [malédiction]; appeler la mort sur qn fml to wish death on sb; appeler l'attention de qn sur qch to draw sb's attention to sth; cette question appelle toute notre attention this issue calls for our full attention;
    9 ( entraîner) [crime, comportement] to call for [sanction]; la violence appelle la violence violence begets violence;
    10 Mil to call [sb] up [contingent]; appeler qn sous les drapeaux to call sb up.
    B en appeler à vtr ind
    1 ( s'adresser) en appeler à to appeal to [générosité, bon sens, population];
    2 fml ( contester la validité) en appeler de to dispute [jugement, décision].
    C vi ( crier) [personne] to call; en cas de besoin, appelez if you need anything, just call.
    D s'appeler vpr
    1 ( se dénommer) [objet, fleur, oiseau] to be called; comment s'appelle cette fleur en latin? what is this flower called in Latin?, what is this flower's Latin name?; comment t'appelles-tu? what's your name?; je m'appelle Paul my name's Paul; voilà ce qui s'appelle une belle voiture! now, that's what you call a nice car!; voilà qui s'appelle jouer/cuisiner/faire une gaffe! now that's what you call acting/cooking/a blunder!; voilà qui s'appelle parler! well said!;
    2 (entre personnes, animaux) to call each other, to call to one another; ( au téléphone) to phone each other GB, to call each other; nous nous appelons par nos prénoms we call each other by our first names; on s'appelle demain? shall one of us give the other a ring tomorrow?; on s'appelle! we'll be in touch!
    beaucoup seront appelés mais peu seront élus many are called but few are chosen; ça s'appelle reviens○! don't forget to give it back!; appeler les choses par leur nom or un chat un chat to call a spade a spade.
    [aple] verbe transitif
    1. [interpeller] to call (out) to, to shout to
    appelle-le, il a oublié sa lettre give him a shout, he's left his letter behind
    a. (sens propre) to shout "help", to call for help
    la pauvre, elle a appelé toute la nuit the poor thing called out all night
    2. [au téléphone] to call (up)
    3. [faire venir - médecin] to call, to send for (inseparable) ; [ - police] to call ; [ - renforts] to call up ou out (separable) ; [ - ascenseur] to call
    a. [dans la rue] to hail a taxi
    b. [par téléphone] to phone for ou to call a taxi
    appeler quelqu'un à une fonction importante to call ou to appoint somebody to a high office
    faire appeler quelqu'un to send for somebody, to summon somebody
    être appelé à la barre to be called ou summoned to the witness stand
    5. (soutenu) [désirer]
    6. [nécessiter] to require, to call for (inseparable)
    7. [entraîner] to lead to
    8. [inviter]
    appeler (des travailleurs) à la grève to call a strike, to put out a strike call
    9. [destiner]
    10. [nommer] to call
    11. INFORMATIQUE [programme] to call (up)
    [réseau] to dial
    ————————
    en appeler à verbe plus préposition
    ————————
    s'appeler verbe pronominal (emploi passif)
    comment s'appelle-t-il? what's his name?, what's he called?
    voilà ce qui s'appelle une gaffe! that's what's called ou that's what I call putting your foot in it!
    ————————
    s'appeler verbe pronominal

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > appeler

  • 19 apporter

    apporter [apɔʀte]
    ➭ TABLE 1 transitive verb
    to bring ; [+ preuve, solution] to provide
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► apporter se traduira par to bring ou par to take suivant que le locuteur se trouve ou non à l'endroit en question.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • apporter du soin à qch/à faire qch to exercise care in sth/in doing sth
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Generally apporter is used with things, amener with people.
    * * *
    apɔʀte
    1) ( transporter) ( en venant) to bring; ( en allant) to take

    apporter quelque chose à quelqu'un — ( en venant) to bring somebody something; ( en allant) to take somebody something

    2) ( fournir) to give [soutien, explication, sensation]; to bring [savoir-faire, amélioration, nouvelle, gloire, liberté, maladie]; to bring in [fonds, revenus]; to bring about [changement, révolution]
    * * *
    apɔʀte vt
    1) [objet, marchandises] to bring
    2) [investissement, contribution] to make, [soutien] to give
    3) [preuve] to provide
    4) [modification] to make
    * * *
    apporter verb table: aimer vtr
    1 ( transporter) to bring; apporte ton livre bring your book; apporte-moi mon livre bring me my book; apporte-leur un livre take them a book; apporté par avion [primeurs, produits exotiques] brought in by plane, flown in;
    2 ( fournir pour sa part) to give [soutien, aide, coopération technique]; to bring [savoir-faire]; to bring in [fonds, revenus]; apporter de l'aide à qn to help sb; apporter son concours à qch to help with sth; apporter sa contribution à qch to contribute to sth;
    3 ( fournir en plus) to give [précision, explication, raisons] (à qn to sb); to bring [idées nouvelles, amélioration, bonnes nouvelles] (à qn/qch to sb/sth); apporter la preuve de qch to bring proof of sth; apporter des modifications à qch to modify sth; les modifications apportées the modifications made;
    4 ( créer) to bring [gloire, ennuis] (à qn to sb); to produce [émotions fortes] (à qn in sb); apporter une sensation de bien-être to give a feeling of well-being; ce stage ne m'a rien apporté I didn't get anything out of this course; cet homme ne peut rien t'apporter this man has nothing to offer you;
    5 ( employer) to bring [courage, sensibilité] (à qch to sth); apporter beaucoup de soin à son travail to do one's work with great care;
    6 ( causer) to bring about [changement, révolution]; to bring [liberté, maladie].
    [apɔrte] verbe transitif
    1. [objet] to bring
    apportez vos livres avec vous bring your books along, bring your books with you
    2. [fournir - message, nouvelle] to give ; [ - preuve] to give, to provide, to supply ; [ - résultat] to produce ; [ - soulagement, satisfaction] to bring ; [ - modification] to introduce

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > apporter

  • 20 групповое обсуждение

    В целях оценивания преподаватели часто предпочитают проводить групповые обсуждения, обычно в конце программ обучения. Преимущество таких обсуждений заключается в формировании широкого спектра ответов, отдельная значимость которых с трудом поддаётся оценке. — For evaluation purposes, teachers often prefer to hold group discussions, usually at the end of learning programs. An advantage of these discussions is that they generate a wide set of answers the individual weight of which is difficult to ascertain.

    обсуждение за круглым столом (Метод обучения.) — panel discussion

    Группа специалистов высказывает аудитории своё мнение по какому-либо предмету. Далее обычно проводятся занятия в форме вопросов и ответов. — A group of experts shares their opinion on a subject with the audience. This is usually followed by a question-and-answer session.

    Предназначается для развития умений и навыков слушать и формулировать вопросы. — This is intended for developing listening and questioning skills.

    Russian-English Dictionary "Microeconomics" > групповое обсуждение

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